Modern presence of Homo erectus in Patagonia

 
In several recent posts, I have written about the probable presence of Homo erectus in America and in doing so mentioned several probable sites and findings ranging from Mexico to Brazil and Central Argentina. Alas, I have not yet mentioned Patagonia and the implications that Homo erectus may have had if they managed to survive in that region until more recent dates (i.e. long enough to contact modern humans).

Background

My most recent posts have given some archaeological evidence:

• Stone tools from sites in Mexico and the US dating back about 200,000 years to pre-Homo sapiens times.
• Bones: "robust" skulls with thick supra orbital ridges (brow ridges) unlike those of modern humans but similar to erectus', from Brazil and Argentina.
• Other remains: arrowheads in pre-sapiens fossil megafauna and scorched soil from hearths during the same period.
• Possible route of entry: either out of Asia through Beringia or out of Africa across the Atlantic in rafts.

Contact with modern humans

An encounter between H. sapiens and H. erectus could have ocurred under different circumstances:

a. Violent scenario: A group of scouts sights a camp of the other group and a raid is organized to kill the men and or children and carry off the women. This leads to retaliation. The more numerous (humans) group ends up killing the less numerous one (erectus). This could have taken many years, and the losing side would have moved to more secluded territories, hidden, become reclusive, etc. The winners would demonize the losers in their lore, painting them as monsters or ogres. Children would shudder while hearing the stories told about these blood-thirsty creatures.

b. Slow and silent extinction: The modern humans, brainier, would have had an advantage over the brawnier and (slightly dimmer) erectus when both competed for the same limited natural resources. This would have meant that we humans would have occupied and controlled the best hunting sites and places to set up camps. We would have hunted more or better prey leaving the marginal resources and less fruitful sites to the erectus.

Maybe direct face to face contact was limited and startled both parties.
Perhaps disease brought into America by modern men also wreaked havoc with the erectus just like it did with the American Indians when the Europeans arrived in the 1500s. Millennia of separation and isolation led them to be defensless when confronted with simple ailments such as measles or the common flu. The inevitable outcome: extintion of the local erecuts.

In either case the memory of their face to face encounter would have permeated their myths and it would have been told and retold by elders at the campsite fires while children listened in awe about these monsters with odd shaped heads...

Captured in their art

If the Paleo-Indians met erectus they would have depicted them in their art. Their Indian descendants would keep on reproducing these motifs even though they had never seen a live erectus. Their prominent supra orbital torus (brow ridges) would be the most conspicuous element in these representations, being the feature that characterizes our distant relatives.

And, yes, native art offers ample proof of these creatures with sunken eyes or prominent brows:

Below are two stone masks depicting people with heavy brows. These masks belong to the Early Formative Period (Período formativo temprano) from 500 BC to 600 AD in the Argentine provinces of Catamarca and Tucumán (Northwestern Argentina) over 800 km (500 mi.) from Patagonia's northernmost tip.

Stone masks Argentine Natives (500 BC - 600 AD) with strong browed humans.From [1]

Patagonian evidence

The Mapuche natives of northwestern Patagonia also represented erectus-like monsters in their art and religious artifacts. And these were definitively Patagonian Indians. Did erectus live in the Andean forests? How long ago did they die off?

Mapuche wood carvings

The Mapuche, like many native Americans carved "totem" poles. These had different names and uses.

The Rehue and its Kemo

The "Rehue" was a sacred site whose main element was the "Kemo" a shamanic pole or sacred tree trunk, carved with steps, actually a “step-notched pole” [3] was also known as "Praprahue" (Mapuche word for stairway or ladder).

The trunk was decorated with colored ribbons and branches of sacred trees (canelo and quila). Other minor ritual elements make the place sacred.

A feature of the "Kemo" is that: "between the last step and the upper platform a human face is chiseled into the Kemú, on top of which a top hat is usually sculpted, which becomes the upper platform" [2].

Similar wood carvings are found at Mapuche burial places and they were known as "Chemamüll", meaning (che = person, mamüll = wood) "wooden man". They are not "Kemu".

It is interesting to point out the use of the Rewe , it was for the “machi” or witches of the Mapuche, their: [3]

personal altar and connects three different cosmic zones vertically: the world of men, the world of spirits, and deities, and the world of negative sprits. The machi ascends the rewe when she is in trance in order to communicate with spirits. Sometimes she carves the face of her familiar spirit on the top of the rewe. The rewe is equivalent to the concept of the tree of life found among Siberian shamans..." [3]

The text above is interesting in two ways, one that it links Mapuche beliefs with those of the Siberians (Mapuche Indians are, descendants of the in my opinion more “modern” wave of Asian immigrants into America some 15,000 years ago, who displaced an older Homo sapiens migration – of which perhaps southern Patagonian natives were the last remains until they too disappeared in the early 1900s).

The second interesting aspect is what I highlighted in bold font above, the “face of her familiar spirit”. If you take a look at the "rewe" images below, you will see that these faces are all very similar and depict a human-like being with heavy brows which make the eyes appear as deeply set.

Rewe photographs:

"Rewe" wood carvings with deep set eyes and prominent brow ridges. From [4]

The prominent brows motif is also present in some Mapuche masks and vases, as can be seen in the images below [5][6]:

Mapuche mask and vase depicting heavy browed men..From [5] and [6]

From [5] and [6].

And then we have a two headed creature with prominent brow ridges and a flat receeding forehead (see my post on Two-headed Patagon Giant): [7]

Detail of "Museo Naturalista Dillman Bullock, Angol". Copyright ©katyta.liraz.[7]

Closing comments

There seems to be plenty of evidence in Southern South Americas native American art, depicting "humans" with prominent supra orbital torus and sloping - tiny receding foreheads. These are definitively H. erectus traits.

If they were depicted that means that they had been seen, though when, we can not know, and, (this is a point against my theory) they may have even seen them in Asia before entering America - which, would mean that erectus never reached America and that these stone or wood effigies are just ancient memories of an encounter between modern man and erectus that happened somewhere in Eastern Asia.

However, there is the chance that the Paleo-Indians or their Indian descent met erectus here, in America, and that these roughly sketched portraits in stone, wood and clay are the memory of that "meeting".

Sources.

[1] Image credits: Máscaras. Colección Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Exterior y Culto.
[2] Raúl Díaz Acevedo, (2006). Rehue: Un espacio sagrado. Online. Idiófonos. Revista del Gabinete de estudios etnográficos. April 2006.
[3] Arvind Sharma and Katherine K. Young, (2001). Annual Review of Women in World Religions, the, Volume 6. Suny Press. Rise of the Machi-Moon Priestess. pp. 213.
[4] Adapted from photographs taken at the Museo de Arte Popular José Hernández during the “ Muestra de Arte Mapuche, 2007”. 15.07.2007. by Porteña.
[5] Mask: Semillas de Chile Exhibition, Beijing, Citinga: Tercera de Chile.
[6] Vase: Same exhibition, but another online source.
[7] [ Katyta.liraz. Flickr posting. 01.10.2008 Museo Naturalista Dillman Bullock, Angol.

---

Patagonian Monsters - Cryptozoology, Myths & legends in Patagonia

2011 International Year of Forests Copyright 2009-2011 by Austin Whittall © 

Two-headed Llama and Guanaco

 

British explorer George Chaworth Musters (who rode all the way from Punta Arenas on the Strait of Magellan to Carmen de Patagones on Patagonia's northern border in 1870), took note of the Tehuelche native beliefs and recorded a strange myth.

Two-headed Guanaco myth among the Tehuelche.

Musters wrote that:

"Another superstition is that a two-headed guanaco exists in the south, the appearance of which is forerunner of sickness".

He added that after the last time it was sighted, measles spread among the natives, killing many of them.

Guanaco belong to the Camelidae, which consists of a several species: two in the Old World (camels,in Africa and Asia) and another four members in South America, the New World camelids: llamas, alpacas, vicuñas and guanacos (the last two were never domesticated). Today we will look into myths regarding two-headed camelids in Southern South America. Some of these myths are found in Patagonia, others are from further north, mostly from the "land of the Inca", in northern Chile, Argentina, and of course, Peru and Bolivia.

As we have posted elsewhere (Cryptids - including two-headed snakes of Inca origin), the Inca had a strong influence on the other natives (they invaded Chile and Argentina, incorporating part of their territories into their empire in the XV^th century) and many of their myths were absorbed by the conquered people.

Despite this, I think that the remote Tehuelche, isolated in the Patagonian steppes were not subjected to this cultural influence, so the two-headed guanaco myth is most likely of pre-Inca origin.

The Pushmi-Pullyu

Perhaps the older readers will remember a 1967 film, Dr. Dolittle starring Rex Harrison and Samantha Eggar. In this movie, there was a pushmi-pullyu, an imaginary breed of llama, which was two headed.

Its name, which sounds Inca, is a pun (combining the English words "push me" and "pull you") about the difficulties the creature faces when walking, as both heads want to lead the way.

Movie still from Dr. Dolittle, 20th Century Fox, 1967.

Native two-headed llama in Chile.

The natives of Northern Chile (and this is well beyond Patagonia), in the Lasana Valley, in Antofagasta, depicted two-headed llamas in their rock-art. The following examples are from Pona (22°17'S, 68°38'W), they show these creatures (one of them apparently carrying a person):[2]

Two-headed llamas - Chile. From [2]

This mythical creature must have permeated into Chile from Peru, the home of the Inca people.

Qarqacha de Peruvian bicephalic llama.

Peruvians (in the Huancavelica region) believe in a similar monster, the Qarqacha or Jarjaria.

It gets its name from its strange laugh ("qar qar") -while "chas" means dirt. It is a human that has been punished by God for some evil sin (mainly incest) and at night morphs into a deformed llama (mostly two-headed) or some other bizarre beast.

Without any doubt, this monster myth is intended to frighten people to keep them on the "straight path" and avoid the temptation of incest in small communities.

Argentina's two headed camelids.

In Argentina, at the Peña Colorada site, in Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca province, there are also representations of bicephalic llamas. These date back to the formative period (ca. 500 BC).

Two headed camelid - Argentina. From [4]

Bibliography.

[1] Musters, G. (1873). At home with the Patagonians. pp.192.
[2] Aballay Y., E. and Rojas V., J. El arte rupestre del valle de Lasana
[3] Cavero Carrasco, R., (1990). Incesto en los Andes: las "llamas demoníacas" como castigo sobrenatural. Ayacucho: CONCYTEC. pp 171
[4] Podesta, M., Rolandi, D., Raffinio, R., Proaño, M. (2005). El arte rupestre de Argentina indígena: Noroeste Grupo Abierto Communicaciones. Chapter: Pastores y Argicultores Tempranos. La diversidad en el arte. Fig.4.

---

Patagonian Monsters - Cryptozoology, Myths & legends in Patagonia

2010 International Year of Biodiversity  Copyright 2009-2010 by Austin Whittall © 

Double-headed Condor

 

Two headed eagle - Crest of Charles I (King of Spain), V (Emperor Germany).
From [4]

The Spanish Conquistador who advanced south from Peru into what is now Chile to conquer it, Pedro de Valdivia, fought against the native Mapuche in a vain attempt to subdue them (he managed to push south of the Bio-Bio River but this territory would remain in the hands of the natives until the 1870s).

During his campaing into northern Chilean Patagonia, Valdivia founded a city in 1552 which he named “El Imperial” (The Imperial) in honor of his king and emperor, Charles the V^th of Germany (and I^st of Spain).

He gave it that name because, there he had “discovered certain rudely-carved figures, with somer resemblance to the double-heade eagle of Austria” (Charles was a Hapsburg, of Austrian blood). [1]

The interesting fact is that these “eagles” had been carved by the local Mapuche natives and therefore had no connection whatsoever with Europe or the House of Austria. It is likely that they were not even eagles, but “condors”.

The two-headed condor motif is quite common among the Andean cultures such as the Inca in Peru and the Diaguita or Kakan people of northwestern Argentina. Perhaps the bicephalic condor symbol was introduced into the area during the period of Inca domination (ca. 1430-1530).
 

Two headed condor - Diaguita culture, northwestern Argentina.
Copyright © 2010 by Austin Whittall

Or it may have been a pre-Inca symbol, part of the Mapuche mythology.

Another option is that the Spaniards assigned an “eagle” morphology to a non avian sculpture, believing that they were two-headed eagles, when they may have been something else.

The two headed eagle is also found among the Alaska natives, but it is very likely that it was acquired from the Russians, whose imperial coat of arms bore a two headed eagle. [2]

However, the two headed condor motif exists among the Mapuche people.
In Neuquén, Argentina, there is a legend about Domuyo Volcano involving a native princess, Pirepillan, who was held captive on its summit by a jaguar and a “two headed condor”. [3]

Bibliography
[1] Smith, E., (1855), The Araucanians.New York: Harper. Bros. pp. 142.
[2] Northwest Coast Archaeology. Two Views of Double-Headed Eagles. 01.03.2010.
[3] Melantoni, E., Las termas de Copahue pp. 3.
[4] Camprubí Bueno, L., (2010). Viaje alrededor del Imperio: rutas oceánicas, la esfera y los orígenes atlánticos de la revolución científica. El Catoblepas, 95. 01.2010. pp.1.

---

Lea este post en español

---

Patagonian Monsters - Cryptozoology, Myths & legends in Patagonia

2010 International Year of Biodiversity Copyright 2009-2010 by Austin Whittall © 

Cryptid Snakes, an Andean myth imported into Patagonia

 

My last few entries have focused on the “Culebrón” (big snake) and the “guruvilu” (fox snake) and the "Piwichén" (flying snake). Today I will post about the importance of snakes in the South American Andean cultures (pre-inca, Inca and pre-hispanic Chilean natives).

This “snake-cult” could explain the “Culebrón” , the Piwichén , the “guruvilu” and perhaps the Water Tiger.

Snakes and their relationship with the Inca God-kings

Felipe Huamán Poma de Ayala ca. 1585 compiled the "Legend of Manco Capac", the first Inca king (Inca besides being the name of these people, was also the name of the Monarch, thus Manco Capac was the Inca’s Inca).

Inca kings, like the absolutist monarchs of Modern Age Europe, were born kings by divine intervention, better still, they were gods themselves.

This legend tells how the first Inca (king) was an "amaro serpent" where Amaro is the Quechua language word for dragon or, serpent.[1]

There is another story in which this king, who was known as Manco Capac Amaro slayed a horrible beast and then added the word Amaro (or Amaru) to his name to commemorate the event:

he killed in a mountain a serpent so fierce and terrible (…) so big as the biggest animal on Earth, it had wings like those of a bat, the arms short and very thick, with great claws (...) it gave tempestive hisses (…) its body was covered with hard scales. [2]

In Quechua, a boa or an anaconda are known as Amarun, a similar sounding name to Amaro or Amaru the monster snake.

Notice that this snake has legs, claws, bat wings and hisses exactly like the Piwichén. Coincidence? or cultural flow (i.e. myth adoption) between two different people, the Patagonian Mapuche and the Peruvian Inca.

The king later placed the snake in his royal arms and shield.

After the Spanish conquest, the "Inca Garcilaso de la Vega", who had royal Inca blood [*] included the Amaru in his own coat of arms. It was published in his Comentarios Reales (1609). He designed it himself and included the arms of his Spanish family (Pérez de Vargas, Figueroa, Sotomayor and Mendoza da la Vega) on the left, and on the right, the Inca symbols: sun, moon, and on the lower part, two interwined Amaros

[*] He was the illegitimate son of Spanish conquistador Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega y Vargas and an Inca princess Palla Chimpu Ocllo.

Coat of Arms of Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. The Amaru snakes are on the lower right side.

The inca and pre-incaic cultures

Snakes were important in Peru long before the Inca became the predominant regional power.

I have found an image on the internet which is said to show a Chavin culture snake temple dated ca. 1000 BC. it depicts four snakes carved in stone:

Chavin snake temple ca. 1000 BC. From [3].

I also found a piece of pottery from the Mochica culture dated between 0 and 700 AD. It shows a “dragon” with a snake tail holding a human head. It is mounted on a base decorated with snakes. Notice that the snakes have ears a combination of mammal and reptile features in one creature. This is reminiscent of the Mapuche's Hairy snake

Ceramic Dragon (Mochica culture Peru) ca. 0 - 700 AD.
Amaru snakes are on the lower right side. From [6].

Another Mochica fresco (below) shows a jaguar (?) headed snake.

Mochica fresco "jaguar headed snake".

Moche or Mochica ceramics often had a two-headed snake.[1] The later Chimu people had a similar motif on their pottery and adobe friezes at the “Dragon Huaca (Castle)”: a double-headed “rainbow” snake (curved like an arch).[7]

Rainbow double headed snake motif. Dragon Huaca.From [8] .

The anaconda and the boa were demanded as tribute by the Inca kings from their Amazonian subjects. They were kept at the imperial capital of Cuzco where they were fed prisioners (those who survived in the cage with them for three days earned their freedom).[9]

The rainbow serpent was also employed in colonial period (after the Spanish conquest) representations of the ancient Inca.[10]

The snake had “aquatic” connotations. Being two-headed it took water from one place and passing it through its body it placed it somewhere else. [10]

Snakes therefore were associated with springs, rivers and lakes. Lake Titicaca (shared by Peru and Bolivia) was said to have been guarded by a big snake.
More recently there is a moder story (Jauja and Huamanga, Peru) about a snake with two llama heads, it lived in a lake.[10]

The Water Tiger connection

The interesting thing is that jaguars or pumas, mythical magical felines for the Andean cultures which are grouped under the term Leones (lions), were closely associated with the Amaru and “contemporary Quechua speakers often refer to a composite being León-Amaru”.[10]

This could account for the Mapuche myths regarding the "water tiger" which was aquatic (a snake -Amaru- feature) and jaguar (tiger) and therefore magic or supernatural. It was a creature that was not found in Chile, which means that the myth was imported there (though in Patagonia there may have been jaguars, so I am not sure about it being a foreign myth within that area)

The Inca Empire and Chile.

The Inca Tupac Yupanqui in the 1440s invaded Chile from its territories in what is now Argentina, through Copiapo. They advanced southwards and over a period of about six years occupied the Central regions.

They face the constant opposition of the local natives and finally established their southern border along the Bio-Bio river, Patagonia's northern border.
However, increased hostilities forced them around 1520 to retreat and move the border northwards to the Maule River. [4]

During the period that they dominated Chile, they built roads connecting it to the empire, through Atacama to Cuzco and across the Andes into Argentina's western region, and from there through Bolivia into Peru.

They relocated Inca settlers from Peru and thus their culture, traditions and lore was brought into Chile and from there, it permeated into the local natives.

Northern and Central Chile (from Atacama to Santiago) was the area where the inca influnce was felt most.[5]

The inca called the non-conquered native Chileans "purum aucca" which in Quechua meant "non subdued enemies". The Spaniards, after the conquest, adopted the name without knowing its meaning, and called all natives south of Santiago "promaucaes". These were the non-subdued Mapuche people.

On the Argentine side of the Andes, just across from Coquimbo and northern central Chile, were several Andean farming cultures, such as the Diaguita. They too were conquered by the Inca: and, unsurprisingly, they also had "two-headed snakes" in their culture.

I suggest that you read this very interesting article (in Spanish) and take a look at the images depicting the snake-like inscriptions that can be found in the Aguada Culture's (Diaguita people) pottery from Argentina.

Getting back to Chile, between 1535 and 1537 Diego de Almagro explored the central parts of Chile from Copiapo to the Itata River but after a battle there with the Mapuche, he retreated to Peru. It would not be until 1541 that the Spaniards under Valdivia would enter Chile again.

This time they would conquer most of it. But the area south of the Bio Bio River would be contested during centuries in a long war that began in 1546 and finally ended with the defeat of the Mapuche people in 1881.

Discussion.

Doesn't it make sense that in the area where the Inca had a strong foot-hold, their myths were stronger? Such as in Coquimbo, Ovalle, La Serena, Santiago and other northern and central Chilean districts. Wouldn't their "snake" Amaru myths have been absorbed by the locals? If so, Culebrón and the other snake related myths (i.e. the "flying snake" or Piwichen) can be traced back to Peru (Inca, Mochica, Chavin cultures).

They would also tend to be weaker or diluted to the south of the Bio-Bio border, where the Inca had less time to interact with the Mapuche before withdrawing to the safer central Chilean valleys. Here they would have originated the filu myths among the Mapuche.

This would mean that flying snakes and Culebrones are a second hand memory of the Amazonian Anacondas and Boas, taken to Chile by the Inca conquerors.

So we can't expect to find evidence of Patagonian cryptids in these mythical beings.

Bibliography.

[1] Guaman Poma. (1615). Nueva corónica y buen gobierno. pp. 82
[2] Anello Oliva, (1895). [1598] Historia del Reino y Provincias del Peru. pp. 42,43.
[3] Hugh Fox. Gods of the Cataclysm
[4] Diego Barros Arana. (1999) Historia general de Chile. vol 1. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria. pp. 56+.
[5] Ibid. pp. 63.
[6] ArteHistoria
[7] Li Ning Anticona, J., (2000). El gollete estribo de la cerámica precolombina peruana: interpretación estética UNMSM. pp. 33 and 81.
[8] Avent Peru http://www.aventperu.com/trujillo2.html
[9] Betanzos, Juan de, (ca. 1551). Suma y narración de los Incas.
[10] Paul Richard Steele. (2004). Handbook of Inca mythology. ABC-CLIO. pp. 95-97.

---

Patagonian Monsters - Cryptozoology, Myths & legends in Patagonia

2010 International Year of Biodiversity

Copyright 2009-2010 by Austin Whittall ©

Two-headed Patagon Giant

 

While researching on Mapuche sculptures for my post on "Fake" Patagonian Plesiosaur stone carving, I came across a very interesting "two headed" man.

It is on display at the Bullock Dillman Museum in Angol, Chile.

American naturalist, Dillman Samuel Bullock Lytle (1878-1971), excavated in that part of Chile (Arauco) during the mid XX^th century and uncovered funerary urns that were different to those used by the local Mapuche people (Huilliche) and whose size indicated a very small race. An adult’s mummy, five hundred years old recently found in Angol was barely 1,30 m tall (4.2 ft.).[1]

These findings led Bullock to believe that the Mapuche were not the area’s original inhabitants. He assumed that they had originated in the Argentine Pampas and then migrated into Chile. When they arrived there they came across a race of “small people”, which he named Kofkeche. Perhaps the two-headed statue was made by the Kofkeche instead of the Mapuche? I do not know.

Below is an image of the statue:

Detail of "Museo Naturalista Dillman Bullock, Angol". Copyright ©katyta.liraz.[2]

This statue (which may be two people hugging instead of a bicephalic person) reminded me of something that I had read and discarded as a hoax. But now it seems interesting so, let me share it with you.

The article which was published in the ForteanTimes as "The two-headed giant" [3] tells about a giant Patagon with two heads that was captured by the Spaniards in the late 1600s. He killed himself after murdering four of his captors.
He was 3.7 m tall [12 ft.] and, was known as kap dwa which is Malay for "two heads". Why a Patagon ended up with a Malaysian name is a mystery. Somehow he arrived in England in the 1800s and was a fairground attraction since then.
In the 1930s, two doctors and a radiologist inspected it in Weston and found “no perceptual evidence of its being a fake”. Their guess was that the man was a pair of conjoined twins (i.e. "Siamese twins").

He was last seen at Newcastle in 1999. Fake or hoax? that is not known.[3]

The article that I reviewed, included some photographs, one of which I reproduce below (and which seems to depict an African and not a Patagon):

Two Headed Patagon Giant. From [3]. See Footnote [*]

There is another virtually identical mummified Patagon (or was it the same one?), "King Mac-A-Dula", he was " nine feet high, had two heads, was as strong as an elephant, and a great warrior who led his tribe to many victories, and that after one great battle he disappeared and was never seen or heard of again".

His mummy (a natural process acording to the pamphlet we are quoting) "was found in a cave in Patagonia. South America, by a party of English miners, while prospecting for gold". Apparently it was exhibited by the Nelson Supply House at South Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. It was under lease from England, so perhaps it was the same being.

It seems however that Mr. Nelson made his fake mummies out of papier-maché and sold them to anyone willing to display them.[5]


Two-headed creatures have existed as "curios" since time immemorial. See This image of some strange creatures, among which is a two-headed dwarf.

Patagonia also has myths about a condor with two heads and an enigmatic two-headed guanaco, which was a bad omen, a "forerunner of sickness"[6].

Bibliography.

[1] Aburto, M., (2005). Vaca arqueóloga. Encontró esqueleto humano de más de 500 años en Angol. Las Últimas Noticias. Santiago, Chile. 27.06.2005.
[2] Katyta.liraz. Flickr posting. 01.10.2008 Museo Naturalista Dillman Bullock, Angol.
[3] Fortean Times. The Two-Headed Giant.
[4] Sideshow World. Special Attraction King Mac-A-Dula. The Two-Headed Patagonian Giant. Lecture on the Two-headed Giant.
[5] Show History. The Nelson Supply House.
[6] Musters, C. (1873). At home with the Patagonians: a year's wanderings over untrodden ground from the straits of Magellan to the Rio Negro. J. Murray. pp.192.

[*] Footnote.
Legal stuff:
Regarding Copyright of third parties, please see my FAIR USE NOTICE (items 13.a and 13.b) at our Terms and Conditions page. Thank you.

Copyright 2009 by Austin Whittall ©

Patagonian Monsters