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Guide to Patagonia's Monsters & Mysterious beings

I have written a book on this intriguing subject which has just been published.
In this blog I will post excerpts and other interesting texts on this fascinating subject.

Austin Whittall


Showing posts with label andean wolf. Show all posts
Showing posts with label andean wolf. Show all posts

Sunday, November 23, 2025

The Last Warrah (Falkland-Malvinas wolf-fox): Isla Pavón Santa Cruz - 1875


Llaras Samitier wrote an article back in March 1965 (La Argentina Austral, No. 401 Leyendas del Río Santa Cruz, Tadición de un Zorro. p.8) in which, among others, he tells the following story about the now extinct Warrah. The author mentions Pavón Island, which was set in the middle of the Santa Cruz River (see it in Google maps), it was here that Argentine naval officer Luis Piedrabuena had set up his fortified enclave and traded with sealers and Tehuelche natives. From here George Musters set out in 1869 towards Carmen de Patagones on an expedition that covered more than 2,300 km (1,430 mi).


Below we quote Llaras Samitier's text


"A FOX'S LEGEND.
 
There on Pavón Island, there also lived a warrah, the Falkland Islands fox (Dusicyon australis or Canis antarcticus), which, according to the inhabitants of the trading post, disappeared at the end of the summer of 1875. It is generally accepted that the last one in the Falklands was hunted in 1876, since from that date onward, there was no further news of the existence of this animal. But at the end of 1874, a sealing vessel that docked in Port Louis established a camp on land so the crew could rest and also to caulk the boats, badly damaged during a brief Antarctic campaign. During their stay, a fox cub approached the tents and became familiar with the crew members working on land, from whom it meekly accepted food and a few kicks. One Sunday, when the first officer, after preparing and greasing his boots, he placed them at the entrance of the tent. The little animal, unable to think of anything better to do, started gnawing on those greedily greased or oiled leathers, as if they were meant for him. Furious, the first officer fired several revolver shots at him, missing his target, but the fox wasn't frightened; he just stood there gazing mockingly at him from a short distance. Amid laughter and comments after such a summary trial, it was decided to spare his life and take him on board as a pet the next day, if he was still around. Indeed, the next day the American-registered schooner set sail, taking the puppy on board. On their return, they stopped at Santa Cruz to replenish their salt supplies, and everyone was fed up with the pet, as it punctuated its endless days of leisure on board by gnawing on anything made of leather, especially the crew's footwear. When some of the laborers at the island's trading post inquired about this unusual "specimen of a dog," it was immediately offered as a gift, an offer that was accepted, particularly by Juan Razo, who considered himself the dog's owner. Although at first it didn't get along well with the pack of dogs living on the island, little by little they grew accustomed to tolerating it. The truth is that one cool April night, while his owner was fishing on the riverbank, the fox that accompanied him began to howl. He howled plaintively, sitting on the shore, until, driven by some strange force known only to God, he resolutely plunged into the water. It is assumed that the river became his grave, for he was never seen again. Perhaps he heard the call of a riverside fox and managed to cross the river, disappearing into the Patagonian pampas. The fact is the name of one of the last specimens of that breed of canid, which became extinct in 1876, is linked to the great
[Santa Cruz] River, contributing to its first legend.


This same story was reported in Chebez, J. C., Bertonatti, C. (1994). Los que se van: especies argentinas en peligro. Argentina: Editorial Albatros, p. 50.


Did the Warrah survive extinction?


Liborio Justo, (1902-2003) was an Argentine author known also by his pseudonym Lobodón Garra (name that combines the words wolf, mylodon, and claw – in Spanish, lobo, milodón, and garra). Between 1926 and the early 1930s, he traveled extensively to Patagonia and wrote about his experiences in his book "La Tierra Maldita" (The Cursed Land), which has a gripping and natural Jack London style.


In one of his fictional works written in the 1930s, "Las Brumas del Terror", he tells about an old man at Dumas Peninsula on the Fuegian island of Hoste, is accompanied by a "uarrah". Justo suggests that maybe some warrah had managed to survive and were taken to the mainland by seal hunters that frequented the islands. Probably a case of fiction inspired by facts.


warrah coin
2021 Warrah Fox Falkland Island 50p.

warrah
Embalmed Warrah Fox . Source

The possibility that a warrah brought from its island home to the continent is exciting, and if it managed to breed in the wild it opens the possibility that warrah genes could still be found among Patagonian dogs or even its foxes.



Patagonian Monsters - Cryptozoology, Myths & legends in Patagonia Copyright 2009-2025 by Austin Whittall © 

Friday, October 10, 2025

Fuegian Fox (or Wolf?)


Lucas Bridges, the first European to be born in Tierra del Fuego in 1874, lived most of his life on the Island in the days when the native Selk'nam, Yámana, and Kaweskar roamed freely on the Island and its surrounding areas. He spoke the native languages and experienced the gradual decline and disappearance of the natives as Europeans set up vast sheep ranches on the Island.


Bridges collected plenty of information during his interactions with the local natives, including the following story, which he included in his book Uttermost Part of the Earth (read it online here), foxes hunting in a pack, like wolves.


"We started off together from Harberton, both wearing snow-shoes. Amongst the mountains we saw an occasional fox-track in the snow. In the great forest, before reaching Lake Kami, we came on the tracks of over thirty of them, all travelling together in the same direction. Ahnikin told me that on rare occasions, when driven by hunger, foxes gathered in packs to hunt guanaco. I myself had never before witnessed this wolf-like trait in foxes. Nor had my father. He had spoken of having heard Yahgans telling of foxes hunting in packs when weather was extremely bad, but he had added that he was" inclined to doubt it."


Bridges is right, foxes are solitary hunters and don't hunt in packs; they are similar to cats in their stealthy ways, they hunt alone, as individuals, and pounce upon their prey to catch it after stalking it.


Wolves, on the other hand are sociable, they live in family groups, and are cooperative, They hunt in groups. This gives them an advantage becasue they can bring down larger prey by acting as a group and this improves the chances of survival of the pack in the cold environment where they live.


Guanacos are quite big, far to big for a single fox to hunt. A pack of large-sized foxes could bring one down.


Could Ahnikin and the Yahgans have seen Dusicyon avus fox-wolf? It was the size of a coyote (mentioned in this post), or was it some kind of warrah the fox-wolf of the Falklands-Malvinas Islands, both animals were related, and became extinct within the past 400 - 150 years respectively.


Dusicyon avus
D. avus. Wikabyel, some rights reserved CC BY-SA 4.0. Source


Patagonian Monsters - Cryptozoology, Myths & legends in Patagonia Copyright 2009-2025 by Austin Whittall © 

Thursday, March 3, 2011

Cryptid on Phoenician - Tehuelche carving

 
A cryptid on a Tehuelche engraved stone with Phoenician symbols.
 
See Index on all my posts on Phoenicians in America.
 
stone engraved with a Patagonian cryptid
Stone with an engraving of a Patagonian cryptid (and some Phoenician characters).
Is it a guanaco (left), wolf (center) or horse (right)?
Copyright © 2011 by Austin Whittall

The strange "engraved stones" of Patagonia, which are unlike any other artistic expression of the Patagonian natives, besides having odd symbols that seem to be of Semitic (i.e. Phoenician or even Hebrew letters) origin, also depict animals. Some stones portray snakes (we will post on them separately, from a cryptozoological point of view) which I have already dealt with from a historical point of view (celtic or phoenician intertwined snakes)

The image shown above is form one of the stones from the Museo Salesiano at Rawson, Chubut, Argentina.

The stone, is a round boulder, which has several engravings. In its central part, a mammal, of unknown origin. Just above it, three symbols or letters. Above right an arrow head and below it, a geometric fringe or border with triangles.

This is not the usual native style, as already mentioned (Genuine Tehuelche inscribed stones), and all these "Phoenicians in Patagonia" posts aim at trying to validate if they are genuine, and if so, are they native or made by ancient Mediterranean mariners.

The Cryptid

The animal is shown sideways, only one fore leg and one back leg are depicted. It has a triangular shaped head with upright ears. Its legs are short in comparison to its body, and its tail is also short and bulky.

The local fauna, includes pumas (which as the engraving is definitively not a feline, we will discard), foxes (the animal seems dog-like), and guanacos.

I have included, just because the creature also has a horse-like air, an image of a Trapan (a rare Eurasian wild horse), officially there were no native horses in Patagonia until the arrival of the Europeans who brought horses with them to America, however I have posted elsewhere about the possible survival of prehistoric native American horses, so I decided to include one, just in case. (Also see: Patagonian donkeys)

I also included a wolf (nowadays there are no wolves in Patagona, and the maned wolf has long legs, so it is not the animal portrayed on the stone), because it may be a representation of an "Andean Wolf", another Patagonian cryptid.

In my opinion, the animal is some kind of canid. It may be an Andean Wolf, or even a variety of "warrah" (Falkland Islands / Malvinas fox-wolf).

The stone was apparently found in Chubut province, in the northern part of Patagonia. It is unusual for the Tehuelche to depict a dog. They usually painted guanaco or hunters, as well as pumas of feline looking animals. I have not seen any dog - wolf - fox in their rock paintings. So, this is indeed a very peculiar stone which differs from the standard native artistic expression.



Patagonian Monsters - Cryptozoology, Myths & legends in Patagonia
2011 International Year of Forests
2011 International Year of Forests Copyright 2009-2011 by Austin Whittall © 

Thursday, September 23, 2010

Chono and their "big woolly dogs"

 
chono dogs
"Big woolly dogs" and "blond indians". From [1]


Reading, always reading, I found a comment regarding Chono dogs. It was written by a catholic priest, Juan Bautista Ferrufino who visited the area (as a missionary) in 1611 and again in 1613.

He wrote that those who lived on the "Guaiteca Island" knitted coarse clothes from the wool and for this purpose they did not use goats or sheep or llama wool (like the Incas and the Andean cultures did), they used something very unusual; they:

Breed some big woolly dogs, which they shear in time and with that wool they knit their clothing [1]


He added that "they have blond hair", a very strange feature since all American natives have jet black hair. Perhaps it may be due to intermixing with foreign sailors (i.e. English or Dutch). Or could it be due to intercourse with the inhabitants of the mythical City of Caesars?

The fact that their dogs were "big" and "wooly" may indicate some relationship with the Andean wolf or the oop, which according to the natives of Northern Patagonia had a long shaggy coat: "the wool that covers it is like that of a sheep, a span or more in length, very soft and of a bright yellow color".

Now, the neatness of this is upset by another chronicler, Francisco Cortes Ojea, who in 1558 stated that:

they dress in wool of some small woolly dogs they breed [2]


So, big dogs or small dogs?. Maybe both. Did Ferrufino and Ladrillero meet the same natives? A mystery that, alas, will remain unsolved because both Chonos and their dog are extinct.

Sources.

[1] Martinić Beros, Mateo (2005). De la Trapananda al Áysen: una mirada reflexiva sobre el acontecer de la Región de Aysén desde la prehistoria hasta nuestros días. Pehuén Editores. pp. 38+
[2] Gay, Carlos (1852). Historia física y política de Chile: segun documentos adquiridos en esta republica durante doze años de residencia en ella y publicada bajo los auspicios del Supremo Gobierno, Univ. de Gante. vol.2 pp. 96.



Patagonian Monsters - Cryptozoology, Myths & legends in Patagonia
2010 International Year of Biodiversity Copyright 2009-2010 by Austin Whittall © 

Wednesday, September 15, 2010

Andean Wolf - Classic

 
Andean Wolf
Andean Wolf. From [1]

The Andean Wolf is indeed a strange kind of animal. Today I stumbled across an old (1961) Popular Science magazine. And found a snippet on it. Which I share above.

More on the Andean Wolf and a photograph of the Wolf fur.

Sources

[1] Popular Science. June 1961. pp. 70.


Patagonian Monsters - Cryptozoology, Myths & legends in Patagonia
2010 International Year of Biodiversity Copyright 2009-2010 by Austin Whittall © 

Tuesday, February 23, 2010

The ‘native’ Patagonian dogs

 


Before the arrival of the Europeans, the Patagonian natives had their own domestic dogs, which may have derived from a local species of canid. The remains of a rare prehistoric dog Canis (Dusicyon) avus have been found in southern Patagonian Paleo-Indian sites.

Avus is a big and wolf-like animal that shares several features with the warrah to which it was probably related. Maybe it was also connected to the mysterious Andean wolf.

FitzRoy's description. 1833.

The Aonikenk’s (Austral Southern Tehuelche) dogs of Avus origin were fierce; according to FitzRoy they had a “wild wolfish appearance [...] a wild wolf-like look”. They were also quite big, having the size of a large English fox-hound.[1]

Muster's description. 1869-1870.

Coinciding with FitzRoy, English explorer Musters noted during his 1869-1870 trip from Punta Arenas to Carmen de Patagones, that the ancient Aonikenk before they adopted the horse, “formerly hunted on foot, with a large sort of dog, which […] must have resembled a deer hound”.[2]

deerhound
Scottish Deerhound. From [5]


Deer hounds are a very big Scottish breed similar to a rough-coated Greyhound but larger. They weigh up to 50 kg (110 lb.) and they are up to 80 cm high (32 in). They were used to hunt deer, so they had to be enormous.

Sarmiento de Gamboa's description. 1579.

The first European to come upon them was Sarmiento de Gamboa, during his expedition to explore and settle the Strait of Magellan in 1579.

He described these dogs as having a brindled coat, and bigger than Irish Wolfhounds. These are enormous dogs nearly 1 meter high (40 in.) and 70 kg (154 lb.) in weight. They were bred to hunt and kill wolves.

Notice the similar appearance of deerhound and wolfhound. Shaggy coat and big size.

He was shaken by the first encounter between his savage European war dogs and the local ones; he wrote about it in his journal:

It was noteworthy that our dogs, and those of the natives, flew at each other until the came within four paces, when they turned round without touching, and we could never get them to attack again.[3]

Irish wolfhound
Irish Wolfhound. They are very big dogs. From [4]

This was the first time that dogs separated by tens of thousands of years of separate evolution had bumped into each other. They probably found themselves very alien, totally different, and scary.

Note that the Spanish war dogs were vicious creatures, trained to attack, disembowel and kill natives, it is surprising that they cowed when confronted with the native dogs.

These Patagon dogs disappeared with their masters, the free roaming Tehuelche groups when Chile and Argentina occupied Southern Patagonia in the last decades of the XIXth century. They were replaced by sheep-dogs brought by European settlers who filled the Patagonian steppe with sheep farms soon after it was occupied and its natives assimilated.

Bibliography.

[1] Hamilton Smith, J., (1840). The Natural History of dogs: Canidae or Genus Canis. London: W.H. Lizars. v.ii:213.
[2] Musters, C. Op Cit. pp.131.
[3] Sarmiento de Gamboa, P. Op. Cit. pp. 322.
[4] National Army Museum. Wolfhound, a mellow mascot.
[5] Deerhound Club. Official website.




Patagonian Monsters - Cryptozoology, Myths & legends in Patagonia


2010 International Year of Biodiversity
 
Copyright 2009-2010 by Austin Whittall ©
 

Tuesday, December 29, 2009

“Lobo-Toro” or wolf-bull

 

Continuing with the feral (wild) cattle entry posted earlier today, we will now look into another monster, the wolf-bull.

The “Chupeitoro” or “Lobo-Toro” (some write it Lofo-Toro or Quenpeitoro) myth of the Mapuche is a patent example of the assimilation of wild cattle into the native’s lore.

The Mapuche used the Spanish words “lobo” and “toro” (wolf and bull respectively), to name it.

It was bull-sized and had long hair very similar to that of the feral (wild) cows found at Lake Argentino (we mentioned them in our last post on Wild Cattle)- it roared and howled like a wolf yet it was herbivore. It could be found all over Patagonia.[1]

Perhaps the large European dogs or a now extinct local Patagonian wolf may have inspired the wolf part of this weird hybrid (see our post on Patagonian wolves).

Regarding its bovine part, the myth may have included wild European cattle or taken a much older tradition, the one that refers to a mysterious horned being in southern Patagonia, on which I have posted separately.

Anyhow, the “wolf bull” amalgamates the worst features of both beings.

lobo toro
Lobo Toro (wolf bull). Online source, unknown author.

Mrs. Juana Puel, wife of Mapuche Chief Vicente Maripán of the Gramajo reservation at Barda Negra (39°11’ S, 70°05’ W) recalled a “Quenpeitoro” describing it as “a big bull that kills tigers and lions: well-known for its spear-like horns”.[1]

Lobo-toro is incorrectly mistaken in some texts for Elengassen (see my post on Elengassen); but they are very different beings, one, Elengassen, a stone throwing monstrous cave dweller, the other a wolf-like bull.

Bibliography

[1] Rothschild, D., et al., (1996). Protegiendo lo nuestro: Pueblos indígenas y biodiversidad. Quito: SAIIC. pp. 43-44.



Copyright 2009 by Austin Whittall ©

Patagonian Monsters

Friday, December 18, 2009

Punalka wild dog. An Andean wolf?

 

Punalka (or Punalca) is a mythical Mapuche creature. It adopts different shapes, perhaps due to local variations in the myth. It may also vary its shape because the natives applied the same name to different kinds of creatures.

Meaning of Punalka

Punalka is an evil spirit whose name in Mapuche language (Mapudungun ) means alka = body, and pun = night; that is: "body of the night".
It was usually applied to ghouls that lived in or by small water bodies such as ponds or watering holes.[1]

Reptilian Punalka

Bio Bio River had its own spirit a "Punalka", which was its owner or gen-ko (See my post on the Bio Bio "reptile" Here). It has been seen at Callaqui "transformed into a great serpent that slid downstream in a "wiño".[2] Wiño or chueca is a curved club that is very similar to a hockey stick and used in the Mapuche chueca game.

Punalka in this myth may actually be the Bio Bio River reptile, described above as a snake.

Wild dog (wolf?) Punalka

There was however another variety, the "punalka dog", which was a "wild dog that lived in isolation in a "chenque"[*] and moved about in the mountains".[3] In this myth, it is a big black dog which takes a young maiden as his wife. She gradually morphs into a she-wolf. They have puppies.

[*] Chenque. In this book quoted here, it is a cave.

Terrestrial wild dogs were reported by Gregorio Alvarez[4] as "wild trehua" in the area close to Lake Lacar. Trehua is the Mapuche word for dog. These were vicious beings (akin to the puma and wild boars).

Could this be the Andean Wolf? Below is a photograph of the only known pelt belonging to an Andean wolf (notice its black color. Dark, like a Punalka):

Andean wolf pelt

Andean Wolf pelt. From [5].


In a previous post (Here) we mentioned the trehuaco or "water dog"; it seems that threhuaco and Punalka are two different beings.

Bibliography.

[1] Barreto, Oscar. (1996). Fenomenología de la religiosidad mapuche. Editorial Abya Yala. pp. 28
[2] Informe de la Comisión Verdad Histórica y Nuevo Trato 2003. Vol.III, Tomo. II. Primera parte del informe final de la Comision de Trabajo Autónomo Mapuche
Capitulo III. Fundamentos y Manifestaciones del Derecho Propio Mapuche. Part 2.3.1.
[3] Fundación Pehuén, (2000). Relatos del hombre y la naturaleza. Epeu ngutram-che ka taiñ mapu-meo (in Spanish and Mapudungun). Santiago: Endesa. Vol 1. pp.13
[4] Alvarez, G., (1969). Donde estuvo el Paraíso. Ed. Pehuén. pp.144.
[5] Shuker, K., (2009). South American Mystery Beasts. Part 1.



Copyright 2009 by Austin Whittall ©

Patagonian Monsters

Thursday, November 26, 2009

Patagonian wolves?

 

We have already mentioned the "warrah" or Malvinas-Falklands fox-wolf and the "wolfish" appearance of the Fuegian dogs.

Could there have been other warrah-like ‘wolves’ in Patagonia?

Perhaps. Magellan’s chronicler, Pigafetta mentions the word wolf (“ani”) in his vocabulary of Patagon (Tehuelche) words recorded at San Julián. Did he mean a sea wolf or a real wolf (i.e. warrah)?

Captain FitzRoy (who sailed around the world in the 1830s taking Charles Darwin with hm) was intrigued too; he wrote “what the Patagonian animal is which the Blanco Bay people called ‘wolf’, […] I cannot say: I was inclined to suspect an equivoque arising out of the word ‘lobo’, which means seal as well as wolf; but Lieut. Wickham says he saw a wolf near the Colorado River”.[1]

What Wickham probably saw was an aguará guazú whose habitat in those days extended well into northern Patagonia. Though, there is the intriguing possibility that the cryptid Andean wolf may have lived in Patagonia.

The Andean wolf

This creature was described based only on one skin found by a German named Lorenz Hagenbeck in 1927. Inspected in 1940 by Dr. Ingo Krumbiegel, he at first though it was a domestic dog gone wild, but later, after relating it to some large canid skulls that he had examined, became convinced that it was some kind of wolf so he published a paper naming it the Andean wolf (Dasycyon hagenbecki).

Below is a copy of Hagenbeck's book in which he describes his discovery:[7]

Discovery of andean wolf

The thick and long fur, its large size and short legs were very unlike those of a dog or an aguará guazú.[2] It seemed an animal adapted to live in cold and extreme environments, could it have moved down the Cordillera into Patagonia? Could it be related to the warrah?

Read more on the Andean wolf and see a photograph of its pelt in my post on Punalka.

De la Cruz, who crossed Patagonia in 1806 from Concepción in Chile, to Buenos Aires in Argentina, recorded that in Neuquén the native Peguenches [sic] told him that “there are other animals they call oop, whose body is shaped like a dog, which it resembles with its head, snout, legs and tail and with the ears of a cow; they state that the wool that covers it is like that of a sheep, a span or more in length, very soft and of a bright yellow color”.[3] It was named after its high-pitched yell –perhaps the howling of a wolf.

Regarding this creature, Argentine naturalist Estanislao Zeballos writing about it in 1870, called it “huamil” (did he mean huemul which is a variety of deer that lives in Patagonia?) and said that it had a “mysterious shout that sounded oop, name by which it was known by some Indians and under which they professed a religious respect”.[4]

Nowadays there are no wolves in Patagonia, only foxes. Furthermore, the "Andean wolf" should not be mistaken for the "Lobo Andino" (Spanish for "Andean wolf"), which is a species of fox (Pseudalopex culpaeus) whose geographic range extends from Colombia to Tierra del Fuego along the Andes and is also known as "Red fox" or "Andean fox". See photograph below.[5][6]

Andean fox

Pseudalopex culpaeus. From: [6] Copyright © Fiona Reid

Bibliography.

[1] FitzRoy, R. Op. Cit. vii. pp. 251.
[2] Krumbiegel, I., (1950). Von neuen und unendeckten Tierarten. Stuttgart: Franckh.
[3] De la Cruz, L. (1835). Descripción de la naturaleza de los terrenos que se comprenden en los Andes, poseídos por los peguenches… B. Aires: Imprenta del Estado. pp. 25-26.
[4] Zeballos, E., (1958). La Conquista de quince mil leguas. B. Aires: Hachette. pp.230-231.
[5] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Online Here.
[6] Sistema de Información de la Biodiversidad, which displays an image from: Redford, K., H. and Eisemberg, J., F., (1992). Mammals of the Neotropics. The southern cone. Vol. 2. Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
[7] Hagenbeck, L., (1956). Animals Are My Life London: The Bodley Head. pp. 126.



Copyright 2009 by Austin Whittall ©

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