Y-chromosome haplogroup C is widespread and it can be found across the globe (outside of Africa). It is also present among American Natives in different variants. However, it isn't the most predominant haplogroup in the New World, that honor goes to haplogroup Q, exclusive to the American continent. But, Hg. C has some interesting surprises for us.
An article by Miguel Villar published in July 2024, mentions a subtype C-P39 in North America, which is 8,500 years old, and another special ancient haplogroup, C-BY63635, found among the Lapa do Santo site (of the Lagoa Santa people):
"In South America, a separate, older, and lesser-known haplogroup C lineage has also been discovered. Haplogroup C-BY63635, more recently identified in 10,000-year-old remains from Brazil’s Lapa do Santo site, has living relatives among the people of Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico today. This lineage, a completely different branch of haplogroup C than C-P39, seems to have split into its South American and North American counterparts more than 13,000 years ago. It then proceeded to survive independently in both continents for millennia while in the shadows of the dominant haplogroup Q. This evolutionary split likely occurred early in the prehistory of the Americas, an account supported by its occurrence among South America’s oldest remains."
This haplogroup is found in extant people with Native American ancestors. I must point out that it is also known as C2a2b, which is part of Haplogroup C2 (also known as C-M217, and formerly C3) -confusing nomenclature!!
Geoffrey Sea posted on Aug. 1, 2025, an entry in a Facebook group titled Correlating Haplogroups and Migration Routes, in it he states " Y-haplogroup C-BY63635 is most interesting because it has been found in an ancient sample in Primorsky Krai, the far southeastern province of Russia, and is also found in specific tribal groups in Peru, Ecuador, and Paraguay. It has therefore been linked to a suspected early migration across the South Pacific."
The post includes a map of this proposed South Pacific migratory route:
The 2019-2020 Haplogroup C Tree by the Copyright 2020, International Society of Genetic Genealogy, reported the C2a2 as a newly confirmed group in 2020, with the captions:
"C2a2 - BY63635/MPB374, BY74777, BY100887, BY104139/MPB378, BY106469/MPB380, BY112376, BY118088/MPB385, BY134626, BY135393, BY142506, Z12675.3
Texas (USA), Ecuador (Kichwas, Waoranis)"
If you wonder how it reached Texas, Villar's article mentioned further up, explained more about the BY63635 found in Mexico: "Members of the Arrendondo family from Mexico, some of which are FamilyTreeDNA participants, carry this unique haplogroup C lineage and can trace their ancestry to the 1700s in the state of Nuevo Leon. Eighteenth-century records suggest that the Arredondo lineage was part of the Alazapa Indian group and lived and fought in northern Mexico as the country gained its independence from Spain and fought against the United States to maintain its sovereignty.." And Mexicans remained in Texas since it became part of the US in the mid 1800s, with their Native American genes.
Patagonian Monsters - Cryptozoology, Myths & legends in Patagonia Copyright 2009-2025 by Austin Whittall ©
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